Chukum: A Timeless Tradition in Yucatán’s Architecture, Chukum, best kept secret: traditional, long-lasting and natural, Chukum: The Mayan secret for your walls, durability and aesthetics
The Yucatán Península is rich in history, culture, and craftsmanship. One of the most distinctive elements of its architectural heritage is the use of chukum, a traditional building material derived from the resin of a local tree. The first recorded use of chukum dates back to the Maya civilization, who applied it in the construction of many of their structures. Today, architects are reviving this ancient technique in Yucatán, blending modern design with regional history and culture by incorporating chukum into contemporary buildings. The enduring appeal of chukum lies not only in its aesthetic qualities, such as its rustic patina and natural appearance, but also in its durability and versatility, making it an increasingly popular choice for modern designs.
What is chukum?
Chukum is a natural stucco finish made from the resin of the Havardia albicans tree, also known as the chukum tree, a species native to the Yucatán Peninsula. The process of creating chukum begins with boiling the tree's bark to extract a rich reddish-brown pigment. This pigment-infused water is then mixed with white cement, creating a distinct earthy color that is often non-uniform, giving each surface a unique, natural appearance.
Nowadays, alternative methods have emerged, including pre-mixed chukum powders that offer a variety of color options, some of which replicate the traditional beige of chukum. While these products are often labeled as "chukum," they may not be made using traditional methods and are essentially colored cement. Still, they can be a practical option for certain applications.
Chukum’s characteristics
Chukum stands out from other stucco materials due to its defining qualities. Its impermeable properties make it especially suited to the tropical climate of Yucatán. Unlike paint, which can peel over time due to humidity, chukum allows moisture to escape from the walls, preventing damage and maintaining its integrity. This makes it an ideal material for buildings in the region, where moisture-related issues are common.
Along with its functional benefits, chukum is an attractive material. Its warm, earthy color and rustic elegance add a timeless quality that complements the surrounding environment.
Building With Chukum
Creating a chukum finish is a meticulous process that requires skilled artisans who can properly mix and apply chukum. First, the chukum mixture is prepared by combining the resin-infused water with cement. This mixture is then spread across the surface using a llana, a metal trowel. The artisan smooths the chukum layer carefully with each pass, building up the finish gradually until the desired texture and appearance are achieved. Depending on the project, the chukum can be left as is, or sealed to preserve its appearance.
One of the benefits of chukum is its low maintenance requirements. Mérida architect and builder Fernando Abreu explains, “chukum doesn’t require any maintenance unless it’s applied in areas exposed to a lot of water, like on the exterior. Like any cement, it has to be cleaned, and you might want to seal it. If you do, you may need to re-coat it every year or so. But in general, it is very low-maintenance. One thing to know when using chukum is that you need to plan your installations carefully. If you need to make any changes later on and have to break through the wall, it’s tough to get the color and tone to match perfectly in the patched area. That said, when it's well cared for, chukum can last for many years without any major issues."
A lasting tradition
Chukum is more than just a building material; it is a living tradition that connects the past with the present. Popular in Yucatán for both its aesthetic appeal and its ability to withstand the climate, its timeless beauty continues to inspire architects and designers today. As you explore Yucatán, take a moment to admire the natural, earth-toned finishes found in many buildings, and appreciate the enduring craftsmanship that sustains this rich heritage.
Photography by Magali Ramirez, Catherwood Travels and Yucatán Today, for its use in Yucatán Today.
First published in Yucatán Today print and digital magazine no. 445, in January 2025.
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